Following Fukushima, EdF has added to equipment at nuclear plants for responding to loss of power (frequency regulation) and monitoring water levels and temperature in spent fuel ponds. Funds have also been set aside for decommissioning.
The sodium-cooled Astrid reactor is a prototype for fast reactors that France intends to deploy from about 2050. These will burn actinide fuel with low net plutonium production.
How much does a industrial reactors cost?
Industrial reactors are pieces of equipment used to transform chemical feedstocks into the desired product. Reactors can be either batch or continuous, and are built from materials selected for strength, low chemical reactivity, and resistance to corrosion. They can also be operated in a variety of modes depending on the reaction conditions, temperature, and pressure.
The most basic type of process reactor is the batch reactor. This consists of a tank that is agitated to mix the reactants. Once the reaction has completed, the contents are emptied and the reactor is cleaned for the next batch. This type of reactor is commonly used in labs to study the kinetics of liquid phase reactions. buy reactors from surplus at reasonable prices.
Continuous process reactors, on the other hand, are more complex. They are usually used in a production plant where the reactants enter at a mass flow rate and react inside the vessel for some time dictated by the space time of the reactor, after which the products flow out. They are also often used in processes that involve biological materials, such as brewing and fermentation. The biggest advantage of a continuous reactor is that it can be run continuously, which is essential for power plants since electricity cannot be stored and must always match demand at any given moment. A continuous reactor is also more economical than a batch reactor.
Industrial Reactors for Sale
The industrial reactors for sale offered by surplusrecord are used in a variety of industries to mix chemicals, heat and/or cool materials. They are often made out of stainless steel but can also be manufactured out of other metals such as nickel or titanium. Reactor vessels are able to handle a wide range of pressure ratings and temperatures. They can be used in agitated, slurry, oscillatory baffled, laboratory and buss loop reactor styles.
The New NP group (now Framatome) is now the owner of Areva’s nuclear business apart from the Olkiluoto 3 EPR in Finland and some Le Creusot Forge potential liabilities. The company is split into six business units: large projects; installed base services; fuel design, fabrication and supply; component manufacturing; I&C; and engineering design.
CEA has a strong interest in fast breeders to reduce the amount of plutonium it produces and to allow better exploitation of the 220,000 tonnes of depleted uranium that France has stockpiled. It is pursuing the Atmea1 prototype designed by Areva and MHI to develop the technology.
The company is also interested in thorium-based reactors to reduce its dependency on uranium for power generation. In the UK, it operates two thorium-based experimental breeder reactors, which are similar to the French Magnox reactors. The FR-1 reactor at Marcoule was intended to be one of these but the project was cancelled in 2019. Fourteen French experimental and power reactors are currently being decommissioned, nine of them first-generation gas-cooled graphite moderated types. They produce a substantial amount of long-lived intermediate-level waste and alpha-contaminated graphite. Dismantling is progressing well, although delays are caused by the need to find sites for disposal of the waste material.
Industrial Reactors for Rent
Industrial reactors are vessels that contain a chemical solution or material which is heated, agitated and cooled to produce a reaction. They are used in many different industries including: Adhesives, Agriculture, Chemical, Cosmetic, Food and Beverage, Paper and Pulp, Plastics, Pharmaceutical, and Waste Water. Reactors are available in a variety of sizes and can be designed to meet the specific needs of an application. They can also be purchased or rented depending on the need.
In 2022 France’s reactor fleet produced 282 TWh, down from a ten-year average of 395 TWh. This was due to maintenance and inspection work at the Civaux 1 and Flamanville 2 plants; the impact of outages forced by industrial action, coronavirus pandemic and Covid-19; and repairs at other plants following corrosion problems.
EdF is spending EUR55 billion on extending the lifetime of its grand carenage reactors to 60 years, which requires replacement of the steam generators (three in each 900 MWe reactor and four in each 1300 MWe unit) and other refurbishment. Extending the lifespan of a nuclear plant beyond 50 years is normally not economic.
EdF is planning to build two pairs of EPR2 reactors at its sites in Penly, Gravelines and Bugey. These will be commissioned in 2016 and 2023, and are expected to cost EUR12.3 billion including financing. However construction of the first pair at Penly was delayed in 2022 after quality discrepancies were found in welds on the secondary coolant system.
Industrial Reactors for Lease
Manufacturer & distributor of standard & custom glass lined steel, stainless steel & Hastelloy(r) hybrid reactors. Vessel capacities range up to 500 L & operating pressure up to 100 psig. Also offers bioreactors, condensers, feed vessels & phase separators. Industries served include pharmaceutical, biotechnology, specialty chemical, cosmetics & food. Design, erection & machining services offered. Also provides clad plate, steam or dimple jacketed, and electrically heated reactors.
Normally base-load generating plants are run continuously since they are the most economical, but also because electricity cannot be stored (so the generation output has to be exactly equal to consumption at any time). EdF opted for gas-cooled UNGG units to replace its existing nine nuclear ones, though it did consider pressurised water reactors, like the Westinghouse AP1000 or GE’s ESBWR, as well.
In 2012, the French government decided that both of the Fessenheim reactors would close by 2017, regardless of safety evaluations & to compensate its minority owners (EnBW in Germany holds 17.5%, Alpiq in Switzerland 15% & Axpo in Belgium 14.5%). The closure of these two power stations is currently delayed after weld defects were discovered in one of the reactors’ secondary coolant system piping. The discovery of the defects led to the suspension of fuel loading and pushed back commissioning by about a year. Eventually, this weld defect problem will be fixed.